Categoriile gramaticale ale verbului

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CATEGORIILE  GRAMATICALE  ALE   VERBULUI

                                                            1. TIMP (s)          2. PERSOANA  (c)            3. NUMAR  (c) 

                                                            4. MOD (s)          5. DIATEZA      (s)            6. ASPECT  (s)

s = categorie specifica verbului ;  c = categorie comuna mai multor parti de vorbire

Formele de baza ale verbului :             F1 –  Infinitivul :  ASK

                                                            F2 –  Past Perfect :  ASKED

                                                            F3 –  Participiul trecut :  ASKED

                                             –  Participiul prezent :  ASKING

A – FORMELE  PERSONALE  ALE VERBULUI

1 – au toate categoriile gramaticale ale verbului

2 – dpdv sintactic pot forma singure predicatul

3 – sunt insotite de o serie de“determinanti”=         subiect, complement,

   – modificatorul tipic al verbului                 =          adverbul

   – inlocuitorii verbului                                  =          verbele auxiliare   si   verbele modale.

I – Modul Indicativ – cu verbele grupate pe  axele temporale

Axa prezentului    

Timpul	Diateza  activa		Diateza pasiva
PRESENT     SIMPLE - adevaruri general valabile - actiuni / stari cu oarecare permanenta - actiuni / stari obisnuite, ev.repetate - actiuni/st.care au loc in moment vorbirii - redarea altor valori temporale :    a) = prezent cu valoare de viitor    b) = prezent cu valoare de trecut		I    ASK  –  Eu  intreb Wood always   floats on water.Lemnul pluteste intotd. He lives in a village.                 Locuieste intr-un sat. He rings me up every day.       Imi telefoneaza zilnic. Who comes next ?                    Cine urmeaza ? a1) He returns next week.     Se intoarce sapt. viitoare a2) If it rains on Th will go. Daca ploua joi vom pleca b) He tells me that you have won.Imi spune ca ai cistig		I  AM  ASKED Eu sunt intrebat
PRESENT   CONTINUOUS  (act.exprimata,cuprinde momentul vorbirii) -act.durative aflate in curs in moment vorbirii - act repetate in anumite circumst.,in desfasur - act.care depasesc durata vorbirii (in Tsau V) - act.repetate in moment vorbire-cu verb’ned. - suparare, repros+adv’de frecventa (forever.) - act cu caracter temporar,limitata in timp - actiune viitoare planificata in prezent		I   AM  ASKING  –   Eu  intreb He is doing his homework.        Isi face temele. I never read while I am eating. Niciod.nu citesc cind.. He is living with its parents.      Traieste la parinti. He is knocking on the door.      Ciocaneste la usa. He’s always grumbling.            Bombane intr-una. He is attending the Poly.           Urmeaza Politehnica. We are leaving tommorow.       Plecam miine.		I   AM  BEING   ASKED Eu sunt intrebat
PRESENT   PERFECT = desemneaza evenimente vazute : - din perspectiva axei prezentului - anterior momentului vorbirii,   dar.. - cu anterioritate nedefinita (nu e fixata) (trebuie facuta o paralela cu Past Tense) - act caracteristica repetata - in orice timp - act din prop subord = anterioara celei din princip.		I   HAVE   ASKED  –  Eu am intrebat I’ve painted a picture.                  Am pictat un tablou. Have you seen him this morning. (acum fiind 11) Have you heared X play recently ? (nu cu mult timp) He has often performed in public.A interpretat ades.. Ring me up when you have finished.		I   HAVE   BEEN  ASKED Eu am fost intrebat
PRESENT   PERFECT  CONTINUOUS (subliniaza desfasurarea continua) - act inceputa in trecut care continua - inceputa in trecut si continuata→in moment vorb - act repetate => vorbitorul exprima repros		I   HAVE  BEEN  ASKING – Eu il intreb (de o vreme)   I have been waiting for him since 9.  (si inca il astept You’ve been shoping since early morning  - pina acum How often have I been telling you not to do this again.		------
NEAR  FUTURE     SIMPLE - act  viitoare, aproapiate de  momentul vorbirii - act viitoare, urmare a unei intentii prezente - act viitoare, urmare a unei cauze prezente - in prop temporale DOAR cind vrea sa sublinieze   intentia vorbitorului.		I  AM GOING  TO ASK- am de gind / sint pe cale de a ? Are you going to specify all the details ? Ai de gind / vei specifica toate detaliile ? We are going to spend our holiday in the mountains. Avem de gind / intentionam sa ne petrecem vacanta ... It’s going to rain.Look at the clouds. Cred ca o sa ploua / Vrea / are sa ploua.Uit-te la nori. He is going to be a pilot when he grows up. Intentioneaza / are de gind sa se faca pilot cind va...		I AM GOING TO BE ASKED am de gind / sint pe cale de a fi ? / voi fi intrebat
NEAR  FUTURE    CONTINUOUS Nu am informatii deocamdata.		I  AM GOING  TO BE   ASKING		------

II – Modul Conditional

Timpul	Diateza  activa	Diateza pasiva
PRESENT      (Nedefinit / Activ) PRESENT      CONTINUOUS	I    SHOULD / WOULD                                ASK I    SHOULD / WOULD                     BE      ASKING
PAST             (Nedefinit / Activ) PAST             CONTINUOUS	I    SHOULD / WOULD    HAVE                 ASKED I    SHOULD / WOULD   HAVE    BEEN   ASKING	I  SHOULD/ WOULD HAVE  BEEN    ASKED ------

III – Modul Subjonctiv

Timpul	Diateza  activa		Diateza pasiva
SINTETIC
PRESENT PAST PAST   PERFECT	I                                                         ASK I                                                         ASKED I                         HAD                       ASKED
ANALITIC
PRESENT :                 SHOULD                                      WOULD                                         MAY                   ASK                                       MIGHT                                      COULD (Forma unica pentru toate persoanele)		PERFECT                  SHOULD                                      WOULD                                         MAY                HAVE    ASK                                       MIGHT                                      COULD (Forma unica pentru toate persoanele)

IV – Modul Imperativ

A – La persoana a II – a , singular si plural : Infinitivul  scurt  = ASK

B – La celelalte persoane : LET + pronume personal (sau substantiv in Acuzativ) + Infinitivul  scurt  => Ex :

            Let me think ; Let him come ; Let us tray ; Don’t let them (her) go there ;

A – FORMELE  IMPERSONALE  ALE VERBULUI

1 – nu au categoriile de timp, persoana, numar

2 – nu pot forma singure predicatul unei propozitii

I – Modurile  nepredicative

Timpul	Diateza  activa	Diateza pasiva
INFINITIVUL A 1   PRESENT                                  F1          PRESENT   CONTINUOUS A 2   PERFECT          PERFECT   CONTINUOUS	(TO)  ASK (TO)  BE   ASKING (TO)  HAVE  ASKED (TO) HAVE BEEN ASKING	(TO) BE  ASKED ------  (TO)  HAVE BEEN  ASKED ------
B 3  PARTICIPIUL  TRECUT           F3	ASKED	ASKED

II – Forma  in  “ING”

Timpul	Diateza  activa	Diateza pasiva
PARTICIPIUL B 1   PRESENT      (Nedefinit)                             B 2   PERFECT	ASKING HAVING   ASKED	BEING  ASKED HAVING  BEEN  ASKED
GERUNDUL C 1  PRESENT      (Nedefinit) C 2  PERFECT	ASKING  HAVING   ASKED	BEING   ASKED HAVING  BEEN  ASKED

I – Modul Indicativ

cu timpurile grupate in functie de axele temporale

Timpul	Diateza  activa	Diateza pasiva
Axa trecutului PAST  TENSE                                  F2 PAST  TENSE CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS FUTURE IN THE PAST FUTURE IN THE PAST CONTIN.	I        ASKED I       WAS    ASKING I       HAD               ASKED I      HAD  BEEN  ASKING I    SHOULD / WOULD  ASK I    SHOULD / WOULD  BE  ASKING	I    WAS  ASKED I    WAS   BEING    ASKED I   HAD    BEEN     ASKED ------  I  SHOULD / WOULD          BE       ASKED ------
Axa prezentului PRESENT PRESENT   CONTINUOUS PRESENT   PERFECT PRESENT  PERFECT CONTINOUS NEAR  FUTURE NEAR  FUTURE    CONTINUOUS	I   ASK I   AM       ASKING I    HAVE  ASKED I    HAVE    BEEN    ASKING I    AM GOING TO ASK I    AM GOING  TO BE  ASKING	I   AM  ASKED I    AM  BEING     ASKED I   HAVE  BEEN   ASKED ------  I  AM GOING TO BE  ASKED ------
Axa viitorului FUTURE FUTURE     CONTINUOUS FUTURE     PERFECT FUTURE     PERFECT  CONTINUOUS	I   SHALL / WILL   ASK I   SHALL / WILL BE ASKING I   SHALL / WILL   HAVE  ASKED I   SHALL / WILL  HAVE  BEEN ASKED	I   SHALL / WILL  BE ASKED ------ I SHALL / WILL HAVE BEEN  ASKED ------

MODUL  INDICATIV  cu  timpurile grupate in functie de aspect

Timpul	Diateza  activa	Diateza pasiva             F3
PRESENT                             SIMPLE PAST                                     SIMPLE FUTURE                               SIMPLE FUTURE IN THE PAST      SIMPLE	ASK  F1                           ASKED  F2 SHALL   /  WILL   ASK   F1 SHOULD / WOULD   ASK  F1	AM / IS / ARE  ASKED        WAS / WERE  ASKED SHALL / WILL  BE  ASKED SHOULD/ WOULD  BE ASKED
PRESENT    CONTINUOUS PAST     CONTINUOUS FUTURE   CONTINUOUS FUTURE IN THE PAST  CONTINUOUS	AM / IS / ARE  ASKING          WAS / WERE  ASKING SHALL / WILL  BE  ASKING SHOULD/ WOULD  BE   ASKING	AM / IS / ARE  BEING  ASKED        WAS / WERE BEING  ASKED SHALL / WILL  BE      BEING  ASKED ???????
PRESENT                            PERFECT PAST                                    PERFECT FUTURE                              PERFECT FUTURE IN THE PAST     PERFECT	HAVE / HAS ASKED F3              HAD ASKED F3 SHALL/ WILL  HAVE ASKED F3 SHOULD/ WOULD  HAVE  ASKED F3	HAVE / HAS  BEEN    ASKED     HAD       BEEN    ASKED SHALL/WILL  HAVE  BEEN ASKED SHOULD/ WOULD HAVE BEEN   ASKED
PRESENT   PERFECT-CONT PAST   PERFECT-CONT FUTURE    PERFECT-CONT FUTURE IN THE PAST PERFECT-CONT	HAVE / HAS  BEEN  ASKING   HAD   BEEN  ASKING SHALL / WILL HAVE  BEEN  ASKING SHOULD/ WOULD   HAVE  BEEN   ASKING	HAVE / HAS  BEEN  BEING  ASKED  HAD  BEEN  BEING  ASKED SHALL/ WILL HAVE  BEEN  BEING   ASKED ????????
NEAR FUTURE              SIMPLE NEAR FUTURE              CONTINUOUS	I  AM  GOING TO  ASK    F1 I  AM  GOING  TO  BE  ASKING	I  AM  GOING TO  BE   ASKED ------
Alte modalitati de a exprima viitorul
Alte modalitati de a exprima actiuni viitoare dintr-o perspectiva trecuta